The identificiation of fungi and preventing their growth in beehives product are important factors for beekeepers, and Honey quality, and human health. In this study a number of 400 beehives were rondomely sampled from five location (Ardabil, germi, khalkhal, neer and meshkin shahr), in Ardabil, Iran, in summer and spring season. We randomely included No. of 10 apiaries from each location in each season. From each apiary, four beehives were rondomly included. Both Honey and pollen samples were prepared in two plate culture: A - sabro dextrose agar+chloramphenicol+cyclohexamide. B - sabro dextrose agar+chloramphenicol.The results indicated that the percentage of fungal - yeast - contaminated were 77/75 and 63/25 in pollen grains and Honey respectivelly. In pollen sample a number of 2, 14 and 6 and in Honey samples a number of 0, 12 and 4 individuals of Ascosphera apis (cause of chalk brood) and Aspergillus flavus (cause of stone brood) and Aspergillus fumigatus were observed respectivelly.

Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran which its production is always affected by biotic and abiotic limiting factors. Armillaria crown and root rot caused by Armillaria mellea, is an important disease in pistachio orchards, which causes the death of fertile trees. Control of the disease is difficult, costly and rarely successful. Symptoms of the disease in shoots of affected trees includes yellowing, early defoliation, sudden wilting, dieback of branches and reduction shoot growth. These symptoms, together with the decay and browning of woody tissues and the formation of white to creamy mycelial sheets in the roots and crown, as well as the observation of rhizomorphs of the fungus, are sufficient evidence for definitive diagnosis of Armillaria crown and root rot in pistachio trees. The infection process begins with the growth of hyphae or rhizomorphs and their firm attachment to the surface of the roots. The pathogen uses a combination of methods such as mechanical pressure, toxin production, and cell wall-degrading enzymes to penetrate the root tissues. Successful control of the disease is possible only by combining chemical, cultural, biological control methods and use of resistant rootstocks and cultivars due to delay in diagnosis of the disease before the spread of the pathogen in plant and soil and the appearance of symptoms, the presence of an extensive network of rhizomorphs at a distance from the tree and deep in the soil and formation of the mycelium beneath the plant bark or inside dead wood.

Introduction: Concha bullosa is the most common variation of the middle turbinate of the paranasal sinuses. When it causes nasal obstruction, osteomeatal unit dysfunction, or rarely chronic infection, surgery is required. Case Report: We present a fungal infection of concha bullosa, which is a rare indication for surgery of the concha bullosa. A 59-year-old female patient presented with hemifacial pain on the right side, which had lasted for 2 months. There were no pathological findings in her endoscopic nasal examination. Advanced examination by paranasal computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral concha bullosa variation and soft tissue density in the right concha bullosa. As the biopsy taken from concha bullosa demonstrated fungal hyphae, endoscopic surgical treatment was performed. Conclusion: We stress the importance of the CT in hemifacial pain by this rare case report, in which endoscopic nasal examination was normal. Fungal infection in the concha bullosa is rare, and infected concha bullosa is a pathology to be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with complaints of hemicranial headache.

Pain is a great challenge for human beings throughout life and "pain treatment is a human right" (1-3). . . .

Widespread immigrant beekeeping activity, inadequate quality queen bee production and the excess of uncontrolled crossbreeding are great problems for the quality of Honey bee races in Türkiye. However, the effects of uncontrolled crossbreeding on the spermatological parameters are not fully known. In this study, samples were analyzed in terms of morphometric parameters such as cubital index, hantel index and discoidal shift. Drones belonging to the same colonies were investigated in terms of spermatological parameters such as total motility, Plasma Membrane Integrity (PMI), Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and spermatozoa concentration (SCON). The wing index values of the samples were similar to the wing values of some races. Racial similarities rates were50% Caucasian (A. m. caucacia), 49% Anatolian (A. m. anatoliaca), 24% Brown (A. m. mellifera), 13% Italian (A. m. ligustica) and 8% Carnolian (A. m. carnica). These results showed that the expected Anatolian race in the region had changed greatly and there is a danger of crossbreeding of bee races (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) in Central Anatolia Region. The averages of spermatological parameters were 85% motility, 82% PMI, 78% MMP and 5.9 × 109/ml sperm concentration. In addition, no significant correlative relationship was found between morphometric and spermatological parameters (p˃0.05). In this study, the samples of Honey bee colonies in the Central Anatolia Region showed random and uncontrolled crossbreeding among different races. The spermatological parameters were found to be sufficient for fertility but there was no significant relationship detected statistically between the spermatological and morphometric parameters.

Introduction: Honey is a healthy, nutritious and natural food that contains minerals, enzymes, and vitamins that give a person nutritious and organoleptic properties. It is produced on all five continents and its consumption varies from country to country due to cultural reasons and eating habits (FAO, 2022). Honey production in the world has increased from 771,114 tons in 1971 to 1,770,119 tons in 2020, with an annual growth rate of 1.84 percent (Knoema, 2022). Honey plays an effective role in ensuring global food security, and its market structure is dictated by its production efficiency. Given the limited resources of the agricultural sector, the optimal use of natural resources by improving technological efficiency in Honey production would help ensure sufficient food for the increasingly growing world population (kavand et all., 2014; Hosseinzad & Koopahi, 1999). One of the factors affecting the efficiency of Honey production is competitive and efficient markets. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to determine the structure of the Honey market in the provinces that produce this product and its relation to the technical efficiency of the producers.Material and methods: This study uses the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) to study the market structure of Honey-producing provinces in Iran. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is calculated by squaring the market share of each competing production unit in the industry and then summing the resulting numbers. For this purpose, two different scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, the HHI was calculated based on the share of production of the counties and in the second scenario, it was calculated based on the number of apiaries in each county. To estimate the technical efficiency, the stochastic frontier Cobb-Douglas production function was used. For this purpose, first, the HHI values were considered as inefficient function variables and then the inefficiency function along with the Cobb-Douglas frontier function using maximum likelihood method was estimated and the technical efficiency values of the provinces were calculated. The data used in this study for 2019-20 have been obtained from the results of the census of Iranian apiaries. Excel2013 software was used to calculate Herfindahl-Hirschman index values and Stata15 software was used to estimate the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function.Results and discussion: Our findings show that the mean value of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index based on the first scenario in 2019 is 0.23 and in 2020 is 0.24. Therefore, Iran’s Honey market during the studied years turns out to be monopolistic competition. The mean value of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index according to the second scenario for 2019 and 2020 was calculated as 0.16 and 0.17, respectively, which indicates that the country's Honey market was competitive during the years under review. According to the results of Cobb-Douglas Stochastic frontier production function, inputs including; apiary, labor and hive have a positive and significant impact on Honey production. The average efficiency during 2019-20 according to the first scenario is 61.2% and according to the second scenario is 64.2%. According to the first and second scenarios, it is possible to increase the efficiency by 38.8% and 35.5%, respectively. The results of the inefficiency function also confirmed that increasing the value of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (i.e. increasing the degree of monopoly and distance from the competitive market) has a positive effect on inefficiency (negative effect on efficiency).Conclusion: In conclusion, the results indicated that Iran’s Honey market in recently years was has changed to monopolistic situation. This event has caused to decrease the efficiency of apiaries. So it can be possible to increase the efficiency of apiaries through stablishing competitive structure in Honey market. 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